PRBMathUD60x18
Smart contract library for advanced fixed-point math that works with uint256 numbers considered to have 18 trailing decimals. We call this number representation unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point, since there can be up to 60 digits in the integer part and up to 18 decimals in the fractional part. The numbers are bound by the minimum and the maximum values permitted by the Solidity type uint256.
HALF_SCALE
uint256 HALF_SCALE
Half the SCALE number.
LOG2_E
uint256 LOG2_E
log2(e) as an unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point number.
MAX_UD60x18
uint256 MAX_UD60x18
The maximum value an unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point number can have.
MAX_WHOLE_UD60x18
uint256 MAX_WHOLE_UD60x18
The maximum whole value an unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point number can have.
SCALE
uint256 SCALE
How many trailing decimals can be represented.
avg
function avg(uint256 x, uint256 y) internal pure returns (uint256 result)
Calculates the arithmetic average of x and y, rounding down.
| Name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
| x | uint256 | The first operand as an unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point number. |
| y | uint256 | The second operand as an unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point number. |
| Name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
| result | uint256 | The arithmetic average as an unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point number. |
ceil
function ceil(uint256 x) internal pure returns (uint256 result)
Yields the least unsigned 60.18 decimal fixed-point number greater than or equal to x.
_Optimized for fractional value inputs, because for every whole value there are (1e18 - 1) fractional counterparts. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floor_and_ceiling_functions.
Requirements: - x must be less than or equal to MAX_WHOLE_UD60x18._
| Name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
| x | uint256 | The unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point number to ceil. |
div
function div(uint256 x, uint256 y) internal pure returns (uint256 result)
Divides two unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point numbers, returning a new unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point number.
_Uses mulDiv to enable overflow-safe multiplication and division.
Requirements: - The denominator cannot be zero._
| Name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
| x | uint256 | The numerator as an unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point number. |
| y | uint256 | The denominator as an unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point number. |
e
function e() internal pure returns (uint256 result)
Returns Euler's number as an unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point number.
See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E(mathematical_constant)._
exp
function exp(uint256 x) internal pure returns (uint256 result)
Calculates the natural exponent of x.
_Based on the insight that e^x = 2^(x * log2(e)).
Requirements: - All from "log2". - x must be less than 133.084258667509499441._
| Name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
| x | uint256 | The exponent as an unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point number. |
| Name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
| result | uint256 | The result as an unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point number. |
exp2
function exp2(uint256 x) internal pure returns (uint256 result)
Calculates the binary exponent of x using the binary fraction method.
_See https://ethereum.stackexchange.com/q/79903/24693.
Requirements: - x must be 192 or less. - The result must fit within MAX_UD60x18._
| Name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
| x | uint256 | The exponent as an unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point number. |
| Name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
| result | uint256 | The result as an unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point number. |
floor
function floor(uint256 x) internal pure returns (uint256 result)
Yields the greatest unsigned 60.18 decimal fixed-point number less than or equal to x.
Optimized for fractional value inputs, because for every whole value there are (1e18 - 1) fractional counterparts. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floor_and_ceiling_functions.
| Name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
| x | uint256 | The unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point number to floor. |
frac
function frac(uint256 x) internal pure returns (uint256 result)
Yields the excess beyond the floor of x.
Based on the odd function definition https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional_part.
| Name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
| x | uint256 | The unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point number to get the fractional part of. |
fromUint
function fromUint(uint256 x) internal pure returns (uint256 result)
Converts a number from basic integer form to unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point representation.
Requirements: - x must be less than or equal to MAX_UD60x18 divided by SCALE.
| Name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
| x | uint256 | The basic integer to convert. |
gm
function gm(uint256 x, uint256 y) internal pure returns (uint256 result)
Calculates geometric mean of x and y, i.e. sqrt(x * y), rounding down.
Requirements: - x * y must fit within MAX_UD60x18, lest it overflows.
| Name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
| x | uint256 | The first operand as an unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point number. |
| y | uint256 | The second operand as an unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point number. |
| Name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
| result | uint256 | The result as an unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point number. |
inv
function inv(uint256 x) internal pure returns (uint256 result)
Calculates 1 / x, rounding toward zero.
Requirements: - x cannot be zero.
| Name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
| x | uint256 | The unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point number for which to calculate the inverse. |
| Name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
| result | uint256 | The inverse as an unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point number. |
ln
function ln(uint256 x) internal pure returns (uint256 result)
Calculates the natural logarithm of x.
_Based on the insight that ln(x) = log2(x) / log2(e).
Requirements: - All from "log2".
Caveats: - All from "log2". - This doesn't return exactly 1 for 2.718281828459045235, for that we would need more fine-grained precision._
| Name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
| x | uint256 | The unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point number for which to calculate the natural logarithm. |
| Name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
| result | uint256 | The natural logarithm as an unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point number. |
log10
function log10(uint256 x) internal pure returns (uint256 result)
Calculates the common logarithm of x.
_First checks if x is an exact power of ten and it stops if yes. If it's not, calculates the common logarithm based on the insight that log10(x) = log2(x) / log2(10).
Requirements: - All from "log2".
Caveats: - All from "log2"._
| Name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
| x | uint256 | The unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point number for which to calculate the common logarithm. |
| Name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
| result | uint256 | The common logarithm as an unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point number. |
log2
function log2(uint256 x) internal pure returns (uint256 result)
Calculates the binary logarithm of x.
_Based on the iterative approximation algorithm. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_logarithm#Iterative_approximation
Requirements: - x must be greater than or equal to SCALE, otherwise the result would be negative.
Caveats: - The results are nor perfectly accurate to the last decimal, due to the lossy precision of the iterative approximation._
| Name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
| x | uint256 | The unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point number for which to calculate the binary logarithm. |
| Name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
| result | uint256 | The binary logarithm as an unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point number. |
mul
function mul(uint256 x, uint256 y) internal pure returns (uint256 result)
Multiplies two unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point numbers together, returning a new unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point number.
See the documentation for the "PRBMath.mulDivFixedPoint" function.
| Name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
| x | uint256 | The multiplicand as an unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point number. |
| y | uint256 | The multiplier as an unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point number. |
| Name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
| result | uint256 | The product as an unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point number. |
pi
function pi() internal pure returns (uint256 result)
Returns PI as an unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point number.
pow
function pow(uint256 x, uint256 y) internal pure returns (uint256 result)
Raises x to the power of y.
_Based on the insight that x^y = 2^(log2(x) * y).
Requirements: - All from "exp2", "log2" and "mul".
Caveats: - All from "exp2", "log2" and "mul". - Assumes 0^0 is 1._
| Name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
| x | uint256 | Number to raise to given power y, as an unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point number. |
| y | uint256 | Exponent to raise x to, as an unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point number. |
| Name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
| result | uint256 | x raised to power y, as an unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point number. |
powu
function powu(uint256 x, uint256 y) internal pure returns (uint256 result)
Raises x (unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point number) to the power of y (basic unsigned integer) using the famous algorithm "exponentiation by squaring".
_See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponentiation_by_squaring
Requirements: - The result must fit within MAX_UD60x18.
Caveats: - All from "mul". - Assumes 0^0 is 1._
| Name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
| x | uint256 | The base as an unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point number. |
| y | uint256 | The exponent as an uint256. |
| Name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
| result | uint256 | The result as an unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point number. |
scale
function scale() internal pure returns (uint256 result)
Returns 1 as an unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point number.
sqrt
function sqrt(uint256 x) internal pure returns (uint256 result)
Calculates the square root of x, rounding down.
_Uses the Babylonian method https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methods_of_computing_square_roots#Babylonian_method.
Requirements: - x must be less than MAX_UD60x18 / SCALE._
| Name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
| x | uint256 | The unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point number for which to calculate the square root. |
| Name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
| result | uint256 | The result as an unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point . |
toUint
function toUint(uint256 x) internal pure returns (uint256 result)
Converts a unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point number to basic integer form, rounding down in the process.
| Name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
| x | uint256 | The unsigned 60.18-decimal fixed-point number to convert. |
| Name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
| result | uint256 | The same number in basic integer form. |